Is Distributed Leadership Universal? A Cross-Cultural, Comparative Approach across 40 Countries: An Alignment Optimisation Approach

Distributed leadership (DL) is defined as the degree of contact and involvement various people in making choices or carrying out responsibilities, an increasingly used concept among researchers, policymakers, educationalists worldwide. However, few studies have investigated cross-cultural comparability distributed scale for school principals, ranked countries according to their levels leadership. This study employs innovative alignment optimisation approach compare latent means leadership, perceived by across 40 countries, using data from OECD Teaching Learning International Survey (TALIS, 2018). We found that South Korea, Colombia, Shanghai (China), Lithuania had highest decisions, perspective principals. In contrast, Netherlands, Belgium, Argentina, Japan lowest levels. Our findings may serve guidance education stakeholders over which nations they could learn order enhance principal